AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF BRITISH ENGLISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH TOWARD WRITING ABILITY IN THE STUDENTS’ INSTAGRAM ACCOUNTS OF NAHDLATUL ULAMA UNIVERSITY OF PURWOKERTO

This research contains an analysis of the use of British and American English on writing skills on student accounts of the Nahdlatul Ulama Purwokerto University (UNU Purwokerto). The purpose of this study was to analyze the British English and American English vocabularies toward writing ability in the students‟ Instagram accounts of Nahdlatul Ulama University of Purwokerto. This study uses a qualitative approach using descriptive analysis methods. The sampling technique was carried out by means of purposive sampling of the captions used for English writing practice. The Instagram account analyzed was the Instagram account of the Purwokerto Nahdlatul Ulama University students. The accounts analyzed were 50 students accounts. The results of this study showed, the researchers analyzed the differences between British English and American English in the captions on students' Instagram. Second, the researchers analyzed writing skills regarding the suitability of grammatical with sentences context. Third, the researchers could arrange glossary of British and American English Vocabularies to support in developing English writing skills.

In the era of globalization, mastering English is something that must be owned by every individual. This is the main tool used to build communication and compete globally. English is the language used as a medium of communication and as the first international language used to interact with other people around the world. English is a Germanic language that was first spoken in England in the early medieval period. And now it has become the official language and most commonly used in nearly 60 countries around the world. There are four aspects of language skills taught in English, namely reading, writing, listening and speaking. In this case the four skills have a high contribution and can be used as an indication of increasing the ability of students effectively, because these four skills are part of language which is essentially a means of communication. Even though writing is one of the most important abilities. Writing skills must be trained and practiced regularly. So that the use of the popular media Instagram in the era of technological advancement is one way of developing writing skills.
The Proposes 21st century skill consist of an integrated of content knowledge, particular skills, proficiency, and literacy of technologies which inslude skill in critical thinking, problem solving, communication, and team work (Ledward and Hirata in Fandino, 2013).
From the quote above, we have to build the skills such as integrated content knowledge, specific skills, skills, and technological literacy which include skills in critical thinking, problem solving, communication, and teamwork. The ability to write is one of the indicators seen to assess the progress of a nation. The level of national progress can be assessed from the habits of the community in practicing writing habits. There are many technological tools in the form of web 2.0 technologies, for instance wiki, blog, podcast, instant messenger, online social communities, online video sharing, an online video and audio conferencing tools in which they give contribution to teaching and learning in 21st digital age. On of types Web 2.0 that the students are familiar with is an instagram as online social communities (Koc and Koc, 2016). Social media is the online communities in which people interact to each other. Social networking activities have the possibility of enhancing lecturers" professional and adding media/ways in their teaching. Social Media users can create and organize a profile for them, edit and comment on each other"s posts and share information to each other. The instagram as one of the famous social media, it can be well integrated into their world and society in general. Inference, social media is digital and online communities to build interaction with others. The students are familiar with Instagram as an online social community. Instagram is one of the social network platforms in which the students usually use it to share their personal information, such as uploading their pictures or videos and writing Instagram captions (Agustrianita , 2017) .
In addition, Instagram is a photosharing mobile application that allows users to take pictures, apply filters to them, and share the on the platform itself. Instagram has over 400 million active monthly users who shared over 40 billion pictures . The students have different perspectives about the use of instagram in teaching and learning process. The notion of perspective derives from the idea of viewpoints or perception about a case of applying instagram (Anggraeni, 2017). Perception is an external factor on participants" point of view, understanding, belief, and reaction to an innovation (Johnson in Alnujaidi, 2017).
Regarding to the phenomenon of using social media, it is needed to use social media platform in teaching and learning process of English class especially in improving writing skill. In the recent years, there has been a growing concern developing in writing skills in the higher education. Learners go on into specific knowledge acquiring situation which is their writing has to be more specific oriented (Rahman, 2009). Writing is the most focused but the least developed English language skill among the university learners a (Rahman, 2009).
According to previous research, social media is an online community where people interact with each other. Social networking activities have the possibility to enhance lecturers' professionalism and add media / means in their teaching. The Writing skills are an important part of communication for students throughout their academic life because it allows them to organize their feelings and ideas clearly as well as to convey meaning through well-constructed text (Widagdo, 2017). Writing is both a physical and mental act. At the most basic level, writing is the physical act of committing words or ideas to some medium. On the other hand, writing is the mental work of inventing ideas, thinking about how to express them, and organizing them into statements and paragraphs that will be clear to a reader (Nunan, 2003).
Developed countries tend to have a high level of intellectuality because of the habits and writing skills of their high society. Writing is one basic skill in learning English beside listening, speaking, and reading. Writing means producing or creating a piece of text. That is why it belongs to productive skills together with speaking (Harmer, 2001). Many previous studies have also examined the use of other social media such as Facebook. The use of Facebook as teaching and learning media bring many benefits for students (Khusnita, 2017).
In addition, in the world of education and the world of work. The ability to write is an added value for us. Because of this, teachers use many methods in the writing learning process. Among the media used is the popular social media Instagram. Instagram is a photo-sharing mobile application that allows users to take pictures, apply filters to them, and share them on the platform itself. Instagram has over 400 million active monthly users who shared over 40 billion pictures . Uploading writing assignments in instagram is one of types of online assigments.
Throghout the writing assigments that shoud be submitted in instagram, there are benefits and barriers of using instagram in writing class that are shown based on the students perspectives (Anggraeni, 2017). Sharing pictures online in social networking platform such as instagram is an omnipresent practice (Zappavigna, 2016).
Students need to understand the differences between British English and American English in order to be precise and have a good written language. Lexicon or vocabulary is a central linguistic area where there are noticeable differences between British English and American English (Fares, 2019).
Spoken English has wide variation in pronunciation. According to there are 3 Standard English pronunciations are distinguished and spoken. 1) The Received Pronunciation, called Oxford English, is the standard of British English; 2) The General American is the English accent which considered as standard in North America and heard mostly in American film, shows, news or series. It is considered more familiar to hear globally; 3) The General Australian is English spoken in Australia. British and American English are standard English pronunciation that is widely used. British and American English have significant differences of pronunciation. The pronunciation sound noticeably different  (Wakelin, 2008). For example, the most obvious is the way "r" is pronounced. In American English "r" is pronounced quite clearly but in British English "r" which comes after a vowel in the same syllable (e.g. car, hard, market), the "r" is not pronounced. There are some differences which are difficult and confusing. Phonetic symbol or IPA symbols helps to ensure accuracy because it is a standard in sound description. By using IPA symbols, the differences between British and American English can be summarized as follows (Gomez, 2009). Formulation of the problem on this research that students did not pay attention to the use of vocabularies when they are writing. The use and choice of words that students use are not the focus when writing. So students didn't really understand where British English and American English are. This study analyzed data on the use of British and American English on writing skills on the Instagram accounts of students at Nahdlatul Ulama Purwokerto University

METHOD
This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach so that it emphasizes more words. According to (Lindlof and Taylor, 2002), this research is fundamentally seeking truth and analyze the circumstances, content, and experience of social action, rather than transforming it into a mathematical or other formal transformation. Researchers used purposive sampling, namely taking a sample of the Instagram account of students at the Nahdlatul Ulama University of Purwokerto. Accounts analyzed as data were 50 Instagram accounts containing English captions (English writing) in English classes with hastag #learningenglishwithmrsade. As the data, the researchers took 50 samples of Instagram accounts of students at Nahdlatul Ulama University Purwokerto. Researchers analyzed and classified British English and American English in the caption on the Instagram account of the Purwokerto Nahdlatul Ulama University Students.

FINDINGS
Regarding with the purposes of this research, the researchers classified the British English and American English vocabularies that were used by students of the Nahdlatul Ulama University of Purwokerto in developing writing skills on their Instagram accounts.. The researchers captured 50 captions on the 50 accounts as the data. From the process of data analysis, we can look the findings; of English, but they are used in different contexts by people in the United States and Britain. A good example is the word "mad," which is mostly American, while "angry" is British. Even though, Americans use "angry" in formal contexts, often under the impression that "mad" as a synonym is incorrect. On the other hand, many speakers of British English use "mad"in the sense of being"angry," as it was usually used in Old English, meaning "dissatisfied" with a certain aspect, not,for example, "crazy." According of the table that 13 accounts used American English lexicon and 6 accounts used British English Lexicon.

Differences of Spelling
There are many differences in spelling in British English and Based on the difference in spelling (o) vs (ou), the researcher found 1 word that writing captions by spelling American English on the student's Instagram account @ septianto250196gm is the word "favorite". "

(-re) versus (-er)
In British English it prefers the suffix (-re) as in the word "centre, fibre and metre while in American English it prefers the suffix (-er) as in the word" center, fiber, meter ".
On the Instagram account of the Nahdlatul Ulama University of Purwokerto students, there is one word with spelling American English on the account belonging to @ danang_dj17, namely the word 'center'. In the research written by Fares, it is explained that there is a difference between the spelling of British English and American English in the suffix (l) before the suffix. Before (ment) and (ful), in American English there is a double (1) as in "enrollment, fulfillment, skillful and willful" In contrast, English prefers to double the final (l), even if the last syllable is not stressed, while people Americans generally only double the final consonants, as in "traveling" and "marvelous" versus the British English "travelling" and "marvellous".
Based on the explanation from Fares, the researcher found a caption with British English spelling on the @ nhafifah22 student's Instagram account, namely the word "travelling".

Pronunciation
Spoken English has wide variation in pronunciation (Wakelin, 2008) There are 3 Standard English pronunciations are distinguished and spoken. 1) The Received Pronunciation, called Oxford English, is the standard of British English; 2) The General American is the English accent which considered as standard in North America and heard mostly in American film, shows, news or series. It is considered more familiar to hear globally; 3) The General Australian is English spoken in Australia. British and American English are standard English pronunciation that is widely used. British and American English have significant differences of pronunciation. The pronunciation sound noticeably different. For example, the most obvious is the way "r" is pronounced. In American English "r" is pronounced quite clearly but in British English "r" which comes after a vowel in the same syllable (e.g. car, hard, market), the "r" is not pronounced. There are some differences which are difficult and confusing. Phonetic symbol or IPA symbols helps to ensure accuracy because it is a standard in sound description. By using IPA symbols, the differences between British and In the research, because we focus on the writing skill of IG caption, the researcher used phonetic symbol (IPA symbols) to analyze. The words are analyzed by using phonetic IPA symbols based on the differences of IPA symbols in American and British English. It showed noticeably how different the phonetic symbol is in both.
The result of analysis about phonetic symbol from 50 accounts showed 55 words with the phonetic symbols. The phonetic symbols was classified between BrE and AmE.

Grammatical Differences in British and American English
There are many grammatical differences in detailed aspect of British and American English. In some structures, they use different grammatical form to express same meaning; they also use integrated grammatical form while other adopts the omitted form. However, overall here is no judgment where it is better or advanced. Bin Zhang (Asian Social Science, 2008) classified some types of grammatical differences in American and British English. The researcher took those theories to analyze the finding of Instagram captions which had been written by students of Nahdlatul Ulama University below.

Differences in Verbs
a. In British English, the past tense of "get" is "got" while American English usually uses past participle "eaten". When Americans use "got", they mean "own, possess and dominate." For example, "They have got no pride." b. British English uses "Have you any children?" or "Have you got any children?" and Americans commonly expresses with "Do you have any children?"

Differences in Prepositions
Differences between British and American English in preposition are shown in the following two aspects:

Differences in Tense
There are differences in the use of tense in British and American English when it is expressing the event that just happened. British English uses past perfect tense, such as "I have just eaten your brownies cake" or "I have just taken your gift". However American English adopts past tense such as "I just ate your brownies cake" or "I just took your gift."

Differences in Use of Subjunctive Mood
In subjunctive mood, American English will reserve traditional subjunctive words. For xample: I suggest that event should be postponed. (AmE) I suggest that event be postponed.
However, British English will include "should" in subordinate clause in non-formal and non-law English. British English and American English have different position of articles. In the use of "a" or "an" with "half" in British English is "a" follows "half", for example "half a dozen", "half an hour", "half a pound." While American English puts "a" in front of "half", for example, "a half dozen", "a half hour."

Differences in Pronouns
British and American English use different pronouns to repeat the indefinite pronoun "one". British English uses "one" for example, "One cannot succeed unless one tries hard". While American uses "he" for example, "One cannot succeed unless he tries hard."

Differences in Adjectives and Adverbs
a. In non-formal American English adjectives can be used as adverbs, for example "a real good meal." However, in British English and formal American English only adverbs can be used "a really good meal." b. In American English, adverbs can be used more feely in respect of position. They can either be placed in front of auxiliary verbs or behind them, while the meaning of the sentences remains same. For example, "the y never will agree with your opinion" or "they will never agree with your opinion." However, in British English the position of adverbs placed behind the first auxiliary verb.
c. In British English, the adverbs "yet" and "already" cannot be used in past tense and can only be used in past perfect tense. However, in American English, they can be used in both. For example I haven"t bought the books yet.

The Using of Grammatical British English and American English on Caption Writing
There are grammatical differences of American and British English that found on Instagram captions. In the analysis, there are 3 types grammatical differences found; the difference in use of noun, difference in adverb and difference in articles. In first type, the noun is categorized for having same meaning but different word. The account @idah.lestarii uses American style by using common noun which American usually uses. The user wrote "package", instead of "parcel". While another finding is shown in second type, it has difference in the use of adverb "yet. The use of "yet" in the caption refers to the use American English grammatical because the adverb "yet" can be used not only in past perfect tense but also in past tense. It is different with British English which only used in past perfect tense. In the account @ririetz, it is written "This Pereng tour was recently built and is not yet 100% finished." The using of "yet" in past tense reflected American English.
The difference in adverb is also found in the position of adverb itself. In the caption of @asfiyah27 it uses American English by looking from the position of adverb. It is written "we also can saw cultivation". Adverb "also" is placed before auxiliary verb. In American English, adverb can be used more freely in the position. Adverb can be either placed in front of auxiliary verb or behind them, while meaning remains same. On the contrary, In British English, it is mostly placed after the auxiliary verb.
The last type of grammatical differences is differences in article. The use of British English in the use of article "the" found in @etuslank @didi_habibii_2818 and @bachtiar1597. Three accounts used the addition of article "the" in the name of river, mountain and waterfall. "The" can be used in geographical location like mountain, island, river, waterfall but not all use it. Commonly British English style puts article "the" in front of the name of geographical location. In the caption of account @etuslank said "I will describe the nature of the Dieng Crater." @didi_habibii_2818 also wrote in his caption "don"t forget to stop by the Biul waterfall." The use of "the" in "the Dieng Crater" and "the Biul Waterfall" shows that they use British English. American English will omit "the" and use " Dieng Crater" and "Biul Waterfall" instead. The account @bachtiar1597 also put article "the" in front of name of river "Bendung Gerak Serayu is a dam for the Serayu river." These three accounts clearly reflected the use of British English in their captions.
As far as the differences of British and American English are concerned to English learners. Although both share the same sources and items but they still have grammatical differences. However, these differences are not so fundamental in learning activity. But the students do need to have comprehension about British and American English. English teachers should explain more about the grammatical differences to the students. The differences of grammatical in British and American English sometime lead to the confusion for students or English learners because the books or teachers do not give special characteristic which style is used. The differences should not be obstacle to learn English since both are formal and correct to use. In English teaching, the teachers should guide students more to know the differences and encourage them to write exactly one style in writing.

As a Knowledge Reference of British
English and American English 3.

1.Instagram As a Popular Media for Writing Development
Instagram is one of greatest social media which has big popularity around the world. Instagram has reached millions users who upload million photos in the platform. According to Press Page, instagram has more than 200 million users, 20 billion photos with an average of 1.6 billion likes a day. Instagram is gaining popularity quicker than facebook. This popularity is possibly because of many famous figures like Barack Obama, Oprah Winfey, Beyonce and also Kpop artists have their active instagram as well (Lunden, 2014). Sharing pictures and videos become one of top three most common usages of social for students"s attitudes. Those activities

An Analysis of The Use of British English and American English Toward Writing Ability in The
Students' Instagram Accounts of Nahdlatul Ulama University of Purwokerto are clearly one of Instagram"s basic features. These features are useful because instagram offer visual element for learning media (Mao, 2014). Teacher can use instagram in classroom to assist in creating community of learners, to give room for students to communicate and socialize. By using the caption, like and comment features, the students can learn to improve their writing skill in English beyond classrooms. In digital era, teaching and learning English today is not just about class activities. The use of social media in learning English helps students to develop their language skills, especially for young people who have become technology addicts. Instagram becomes a learning media which students can be immersed and accustomed to. The young learner"s familiarity with Instagram can give an advantage because it makes student fun and less stress to learn (McBride, 2009).
Instagram indeed has received a lot of attention from students, as well as Nahdlatul Ulama University"s students. In teaching activity, instagram is used as learning media to practice writing skill. The teacher gave activity to upload and write English caption to describe the picture. From those activities, the writing skill can be assessed and the feedback can be given to each student. The captions actually show some results of the use of British and American English. There are findings about differences of British and American English in their writing. Based on the findings, the students mostly use American English in their writing. It possibly comes from the influence of American popular culture which spread in social media and popular digital platforms. American culture easily crafted many contents and shows in their daily surfing on the internet.